Tax Return Preparer Fraud

Tax Return Preparer Fraud

FS-2007-12, January 2007 Return preparer fraud generally involves the preparation and filing of false income tax returns by preparers who claim inflated personal or business expenses, false deductions, unallowable credits or excessive exemptions on returns prepared for their clients. This includes inflated requests for the special one-time refund of the long-distance telephone tax. Preparers may also manipulate income figures to obtain tax credits, such as the Earned Income Tax Credit, fraudulently. In some situations, the client (taxpayer) may not have knowledge of the false expenses, deductions, exemptions and/or credits shown on their tax returns. However, when the IRS detects the false return, the taxpayer — not the return preparer — must pay the additional taxes and interest and may be subject to penalties. The IRS Return Preparer Program focuses on enhancing compliance in the return-preparer community by investigating and referring criminal activity by return preparers to the Department of Justice for prosecution and/or asserting appropriate civil penalties against unscrupulous return preparers. While most preparers provide excellent service to their clients, the IRS urges taxpayers to be very careful when choosing a tax preparer. Taxpayers should be as careful as they would be in choosing a doctor or a lawyer. It is important to know that even if someone else prepares a tax return, the taxpayer is ultimately responsible for all the information on the tax return. Helpful Hints When Choosing a Return Preparer Be careful with tax preparers who claim they can obtain larger refunds than other preparers. Avoid preparers who base their fee on a percentage of the amount of the refund. Stay away from preparers who claim that many, if not most, phone customers can get hundreds of dollars or more back under the telephone tax refund program. Use a reputable tax professional who signs your tax return and provides you with a copy for your records. Consider whether the individual or firm will be around to answer questions about the preparation of your tax return months, or even years, after the return has been filed. Review your return before you sign it and ask questions on entries you don't understand. No matter who prepares your tax return, you (the taxpayer) are ultimately responsible for all of the information on your tax return. Therefore, never sign a blank tax form. Find out the person’s credentials. Only attorneys, CPAs and enrolled agents can represent taxpayers before the IRS in all matters including audits, collection and appeals. Other return preparers may only represent taxpayers for audits of returns they actually prepared. Find out if the preparer is affiliated with a professional organization that provides its members with continuing education and resources and holds them to a code of ethics. Ask questions. Do you know anyone who has used the tax professional? Were they satisfied with the service they received? Reputable preparers will ask to see your receipts and will ask you multiple questions to determine your qualifications for expenses, deductions and other items. By doing so, they are trying to help you avoid penalties, interest or additional taxes that could result from an IRS examination. Further, tax evasion is a risky crime, a felony, punishable by five years imprisonment and a $250,000 fine. Criminal Investigation Statistical Information on Return Preparer Fraud FY 2006 FY 2005 FY 2004 Investigations Initiated 197 248 206 Prosecution Recommendations 153 140 167 Indictments/Informations 135 119 121 Sentenced 109 118 90 Incarceration Rate* 89.0% 85.6% 84.4% Avg. Months to Serve 18 18 19 *Incarceration may include prison time, home confinement, electronic monitoring or a combination. Criminal and Civil Legal Actions Some return preparers have been convicted of, or have pleaded guilty to, felony charges. Additionally, the courts have issued 175 permanent injunctions against abusive tax scheme promoters and abusive return preparers since 2003. The following case summaries are excerpts from public record documents on file in the court records in the judicial district in which the legal actions were filed. California Tax Preparers Sentenced to Prison Terms for Operating Tax Fraud Schemes On Oct. 6, 2006, in San Diego, Calif., Susan E. O’Brien, a professional tax preparer who operated “The O'Brien Group,” was sentenced to ten years and five months in prison and ordered to pay $113,179 in restitution. She was convicted on May 2, 2006, for tax evasion, defrauding the United States and aiding and assisting in the filing of fraudulent tax returns. Co-defendants Robert Richard Evans and William Dean Cook were also sentenced to prison terms of 78 and 24 months, respectively. In July 2003, O'Brien, Evans, Cook and five others were charged in a 78 count indictment with various tax crimes related to tax years 1996-2002. According to the indictment and trial evidence, O'Brien prepared numerous income tax returns that claimed false business deductions and Evans promoted, sold and managed domestic trusts used by clients to hide their income and assets from the IRS. O'Brien also was convicted of evading the payment of tax on her own income. The tax evasion scheme resulted in a tax loss to the United States of more than $1 million. Two Sentenced for Preparing False Tax Returns On Sept. 20, 2006, in Monroe, La., Eddie Ferrand and William Kennedy were sentenced for aiding and assisting in the preparation of false income tax returns and conspiracy. Ferrand was sentenced to 60 months in prison to be followed by three years supervised release. Ferrand was also ordered to pay $255,890 in restitution to the IRS and a $900 assessment. Kennedy was sentenced to 27 months in prison to be followed by three years supervised release. Kennedy was also ordered to pay $39,020 in restitution to the IRS and an $800 assessment. According to the indictment, Ferrand, as the owner and operator of Mr. Ed’s Tax Service, hired, trained and supervised tax preparers employed at Mr. Ed’s, including co-defendant Kennedy. Ferrand, Kennedy and other co-defendants prepared income tax returns and amended prior year returns by inflating Schedule A deductions and creating false Schedule C businesses in order to increase taxpayer’s refund. The defendants prepared more than three thousand returns expanding over 26 states and generating refunds in excess of $6 million. Minnesota Tax Preparer Sentenced for Filing False Tax Returns On March 23, 2006, in Minneapolis, Minn., Richard Reiss was sentenced to 41 months in prison for aiding and assisting in the preparation of 84 false tax returns. Reiss was also ordered to pay a $7,500 criminal fine and $198,958 in back taxes. Reiss prepared tax returns for more than 30 clients and claimed fraudulent and false deductions such as unreimbursed employee business expenses, mileage expenses, meals and entertainment, charitable contributions, medical expenses and tax preparation fees, and business losses resulting from business expenses that were fabricated or inflated. In total, he overstated expenses and deductions for numerous clients by more than $1 million, which resulted in tax losses of about $198,000. Tax Preparer Who Used Bogus Business Losses to Wipe Out Clients’ Income Taxes Sentenced to 11 Years in Prison On Feb. 21, 2006, in Los Angeles, Calif., James Earl Wynn was sentenced to 11 years in federal prison following his April 22, 2005 conviction of 24 counts of aiding and advising in the preparation of false income tax returns. Evidence presented in court showed that Wynn solicited his clients by telling them that he operated a number of businesses in which they could invest. Wynn told his clients that if the businesses turned a loss, the clients could claim the loss on their tax return. As part of this arrangement, Wynn offered to prepare the clients’ tax returns charging his clients a percentage of their tax refunds in addition to a return preparation fee. Wynn did not tell his clients that many of the businesses listed on their tax returns did not exist at all. None of the businesses listed on their tax returns as part of the tax fraud scheme ever existed as a partnership, ever filed a partnership tax return or ever sustained the losses claimed on the taxpayers’ returns. Wynn caused more than 2,000 tax returns to be filed with the IRS claiming more than $75 million in false partnership losses. The tax loss to the government exceeded $10 million. On July 18, 2005, Linda M. Hall, who once worked for Wynn, was sentenced to 70 months imprisonment and was ordered to pay restitution of $6,339,023. Rockford Tax Preparer Sentenced to 56 Months in Federal Prison for Preparing False Tax Returns On Feb. 13, 2006, in Rockford, Ill., John H. Bell was sentenced to 56 months in prison, followed by one year supervised release, for preparing false federal income tax returns for others and for filing a false federal income tax return for himself. According to the indictment, Bell, the owner of Bell's Income Tax Service and of Real Estate Investors (REI) #2462, Inc., prepared false income tax returns for others. In order to support the returns, Bell attached W-2s to the returns that falsely stated the amounts of income the taxpayers received from REI and falsely stated the REI had withheld federal income tax from the taxpayers when, in fact, no such taxes had been withheld by Bell or his corporation. The indictment also charged that Bell filed an income tax return for himself that falsely stated that $8,360 in federal income tax had been withheld from him, when no federal income tax had been withheld by REI. As a result of his own false return, Bell wrongfully attempted to obtain a refund of $8,701. Former City of Houston Employee Sentenced to Prison On Jan. 27, 2006, in Houston, Tex., Jerome Harris was sentenced to 57 months in prison followed by one year supervised release. The judge further ordered that, effective immediately, Harris be prohibited from preparing tax returns or assisting tax payers in audits. Harris was convicted of 21 counts of willfully preparing fraudulent income tax returns for his clients in September 2005. Harris, a full time employee for the City of Houston, also owned and operated Jay’s Bookkeeping and Tax Service, located at his residence. It was found that Harris had prepared hundreds of false tax returns for the 1995 through 2000 tax years, resulting in claims for fraudulent tax refunds by his clients totaling almost $1.3 million. Michigan Man Sentenced For Preparing Tax Returns in Violation of Court Order On Feb. 16, 2006, in Grand Rapids, Mich., Robert L. Mosher, of Cedar Springs, Mich., was sentenced to 105 days in prison for contempt of court after violating injunctions that barred him from preparing tax returns for customers. Two injunctions were obtained after the Justice Department sued Mosher in 2003 for promoting a tax scheme involving sham trusts and preparing fraudulent returns understating customers’ tax liabilities. Mosher continued to prepare income tax returns after these orders were entered. Federal Court Permanently Shuts Down Louisiana Tax Preparer On April 18, 2006, Eddie Ferrand of Monroe, La., and two of his employees, Glenda Faye Elliott of Monroe, La., and William Nathaniel Kennedy of Rayville, La., were permanently barred from preparing tax returns. The court found that Ferrand, Elliott and Kennedy regularly understated customers’ tax liabilities, by claiming false dependents, reporting fictitious business expenses and deductions and inflating other deductions. Federal Judge Stops Tax Refund Fraud by Two Florida Tax Return Preparers On Aug. 8, 2006, a federal court permanently barred Jean-Marie Boucicaut and Marie Thelemarque of Orlando, Fla., and Boucicaut’s company, Tax Review Corporation, from preparing federal tax returns for others. The court found that the defendants filed amended income tax returns for persons without their authorization and directed the IRS to send the requested refund checks to them. Federal Court Bars Louisiana Tax Preparers from Claiming Inflated Deductions on Income Tax Returns On Oct. 5, 2006, in New Orleans, La., Rodney G. Bourg and Cynthia M. Bourg of Houma, La., were permanently barred from preparing federal income tax returns claiming inflated deductions or asserting unrealistic positions. The court found the Bourgs prepared federal income tax returns with improper per diem expense deductions for customers who worked as mariners, fishermen, merchant seamen and ferry workers. Where Do You Report Suspected Tax Fraud Activity? If you suspect tax fraud or know of an abusive return preparer, report this activity using IRS Form 3949-A, Information Referral. You can download Form 3949-A from this Web site or call 1-800-829-3676 to order by mail. Send the completed form, or a letter detailing the alleged fraudulent activity, to Internal Revenue Service, Fresno, CA 93888. Please include specific information about who you are reporting, the activity you are reporting and how you became aware of it, when the alleged violation took place, the amount of money involved and any other information that might be helpful to an investigation. Although you are not required to identify yourself, it is helpful to do so. Your identity can be kept confidential. You may also be entitled to a reward. Related Items: Form 3949-A, Information Referral Compliance & Enforcement Tax Scams/Consumer Alerts Standards of Practice for Tax Professionals

Electronic Payment Options for 2007

Electronic Payment Options for 2007

FS-2007-11, January 2007 Taxpayers can pay taxes electronically by authorizing an e-pay option such as an electronic funds withdrawal from a checking or savings account or by paying with a credit card. Taxpayers making recurring payments may want to enroll in EFTPS. Individuals can use these options to: pay taxes owed on a 2006 income tax return; pay projected tax due when requesting an automatic extension of time to file; pay quarterly estimated taxes for Tax Year 2007; or make a credit card payment for past due tax owed for years 1997 and after. Businesses can use these options to: authorize an electronic funds withdrawal to pay taxes owed on employment, corporate and fiduciary tax returns; authorize an electronic funds withdrawal to pay projected tax due when requesting an extension of time to file; make a credit card payment for taxes owed on employment tax returns (Form 940, 941 and 944). The payment can be made for the balance on the current return that is due; or make a credit card payment for past due tax owed for years 1997 and after (Form 940 and 941). Note, federal tax deposits cannot be paid by credit card. The IRS has entered into partnerships with private industry, including credit card processors and tax preparation software developers, to make these electronic payment options available. More than 3 million people paid their federal taxes by electronic funds withdrawal or credit card during 2006, an increase of 24 percent over the prior year. Electronic Funds Withdrawal Electronic funds withdrawal is free and taxpayers decide when the tax payment is scheduled to be withdrawn from their bank account. Electronic funds withdrawal is available only to those who e-file. Individuals may e-file early and, at the same time, schedule the electronic funds withdrawal as late as April 17, 2007. For returns filed after the filing deadline, the payment is effective on the filing date. When e-filing a 2006 tax return, individuals can initiate Tax Year 2007 estimated tax payments regardless of whether there is a balance due on the return. Taxpayers can now schedule up to four Form 1040-ES payments for withdrawal while e-filing. The quarterly estimated tax payment may be the payment due in April 2007, June 2007, September 2007 or January 2008. In 2006, more than 1.26 million taxpayers paid their taxes through electronic funds withdrawal, an increase of 9 percent over the prior year. Credit Card Payments Taxpayers can make credit card payments whether they file electronically or file a paper return. Credit card payments can be submitted via tax software when filing electronically. Credit Card payments can also be made over the telephone and on line. In 2006, almost 2 million taxpayers paid by credit card, an increase of 36 percent over the prior year. The IRS does not set or collect any type of fee for credit card payments, but the private sector companies the IRS has authorized to process these payments do impose convenience fees. The tax payment sent to the U. S. Treasury and the convenience fee are listed separately on the cardholder’s credit card statement. For those who e-file their taxes, some tax software developers offer integrated e-file and e-pay combinations for those who choose to use a credit card to pay a balance due. The software accepts both the electronic tax return and the credit card information. Subsequently, the tax return and tax payment data are forwarded to the IRS and the credit card data is forwarded to the payment processor. For the 2007 filing season, the IRS has contracts with two companies to accept credit card charges from both electronic and paper filers. Each company offers both phone and Internet payment services and each charges a convenience fee for the service. Fees are based on the amount of the tax payment and may vary between companies. The two companies are: Official Payments Corporation, 1-800-2PAY-TAX (1-800-272-9829), 1-877-754-4413 (Customer Service), www.officialpayments.com, and Link2Gov Corporation, 1-888-PAY-1040 (1-888-729-1040), 1-888-658-5465 (Customer Service), www.PAY1040.com. Anyone may use these services to charge taxes to an American Express Card, Discover Card, MasterCard or VISA card. Electronic Federal Tax Payment System (EFTPS) EFTPS is a free tax payment system provided by the U.S. Department of Treasury, enabling taxpayers to pay federal taxes electronically — on line or by phone 24/7. Taxpayers can enroll by going on line or request an enrollment form by calling the EFTPS Customer Service at 1-800-555-4477. Taxpayers can use EFTPS to make all federal tax payments, including income, employment, estimated and excise taxes. Businesses can schedule payments 120 days in advance and Individuals can schedule payments a year in advance. This is ideal for taxpayers making monthly installment agreement or quarterly 1040ES estimated payments. EFTPS offers taxpayers the convenience and flexibility of making secure tax payments through the Internet or by phone. By 8 p.m. Eastern Time, one calendar day in advance of the due date, taxpayers access EFTPS directly to report tax information. Taxpayers instruct EFTPS to move funds from an account to the Treasury's account for payment of federal taxes. Funds will not move from a taxpayer’s account until the date chosen by the taxpayer, who receives an immediate acknowledgement of payment instructions. The taxpayer’s bank statement will confirm the payment was made. Businesses should enroll in EFTPS to make any tax payments that their Third Party Provider is not making on their behalf. The IRS recommends employers verify EFTPS payments as part of their bank account reconciliation process. For more information on electronic payment options, look for the “electronic IRS” or enter keyword “e-pay” in the search box on this Web site.

Deducting Travel, Entertainment and Gift Expenses

Deducting Travel, Entertainment and Gift Expenses

FS-2007-10, January 2007 (Updated 2/14/07) WASHINGTON—The Internal Revenue Service reminds taxpayers that there are specific guidelines to be followed when deducting travel, entertainment and gift expenses. In order to educate taxpayers regarding their filing obligations, this fact sheet, the eighth in a series, explains the rules for deducting these expenses. Travel, entertainment and gift expenses account for just part of the overstated adjustments, deductions, exemptions and credits that add up to $30 billion per year in unpaid taxes, according to IRS estimates. In general, taxpayers may deduct ordinary and necessary business-related expenses for traveling away from home, entertaining clients and customers and giving gifts to customers, employees and others with whom they have a business association. An ordinary expense is an expense that is common and accepted in the taxpayer’s trade or business. A necessary expense is one that is appropriate for the business. Taxpayers who deduct these expenses must exclude personal expenses when computing their deductions and must have documentation for the expense, including statement of the business purpose, names of the persons being entertained, date and location. In addition, generally only 50 percent of business meal and entertainment expenses can be deducted. Travel Taxpayers who travel away from home on business may deduct related expenses, including the cost of reaching their destination, the cost of lodging and meals and other ordinary and necessary expenses. Taxpayers are considered “traveling away from home” if their duties require them to be away from home substantially longer than an ordinary day’s work and they need to sleep or rest to meet the demands of their work. The actual cost of meals and incidental expenses may be deducted or the taxpayer may use a standard meal allowance and reduced recordkeeping requirements. Regardless of the method used, meal deductions are generally limited to 50 percent as stated earlier. Only actual costs for lodging may be claimed as an expense and receipts must be kept for documentation. Expenses must be reasonable and appropriate; deductions for extravagant expenses are not allowable. More information is available in Publication 463, Travel, Entertainment, Gift, and Car Expenses. Entertainment Expenses for entertaining clients, customers or employees may be deducted if they are both ordinary and necessary and meet one of the following tests: Directly-related test: The main purpose of the entertainment activity is the conduct of business, business was actually conducted during the activity and the taxpayer had more than a general expectation of getting income or some other specific business benefit at some future time. Associated test: The entertainment was associated with the active conduct of the taxpayer’s trade or business and occurred directly before or after a substantial business discussion. Publication 463 provides more extensive explanation of these tests as well as other limitations and requirements for deducting entertainment expenses. Gifts Taxpayers may deduct some or all of the cost of gifts given in the course of their trade or business. In general, the deduction is limited to $25 for gifts given directly or indirectly to any one person during the tax year. More discussion of the rules and limitations can be found in Publication 463. Links: Publication 463, Travel, Entertainment, Gift, and Car Expenses Publication 535, Business Expenses Publication 552, Recordkeeping for Individuals The Tax Gap

Credit Available for Taxpayers Who Purchased or Leased Hybrid Vehicles In 2006

Credit Available for Taxpayers Who Purchased or Leased Hybrid Vehicles In 2006

FS-2007-9, January 2007 Taxpayers who purchased or leased any of 44 different models of hybrid vehicles in 2006 may be entitled to a tax credit on their 2006 returns worth as much as $3,150 for the most fuel-efficient models. The precise amount of the credit depends on the make and model of the vehicle and when the vehicle was purchased. Taxpayers may claim the credit on their 2006 tax returns only if they placed a qualified hybrid vehicle in service in 2006. The Alternative Motor Vehicle Credit for hybrid vehicles — powered by both an internal combustion engine and a rechargeable battery — was enacted as part of the Energy Policy Act of 2005. Taxpayers may claim the full amount of the allowable credit only up to the end of the first calendar quarter after the quarter in which the manufacturer records its sale of the 60,000th hybrid vehicle. The only manufacturer for whom the credit has been limited in the 2006 tax year is Toyota Motor Sales, USA, which includes Lexus. The credit amount and purchase date limitation for various models of Toyota and Lexus, which sold more than 60,000 hybrid vehicles, is as follows: Qualifying Vehicle Taxpayers May Claim Full Credit If Purchased By 9/30/06 Taxpayers May Claim Half Credit If Purchased From 10/1/06 Through 3/31/07 Taxpayers May Claim Quarter Credit If Purchased From 4/1/07 Through 9/30/07 Taxpayers May Claim No Credit If Purchased After 10/1/07 05, 06, 07 Toyota Prius $3,150 $1,575 $787.50 $0 06, 07 Toyota Highlander 2WD, 4WD $2,600 $1,300 $650 $0 07 Toyota Camry Hybrid $2,600 $1,300 $650 $0 06, 07 Lexus RX 400h 2WD, 4WD $2,200 $1,100 $550 $0 07 Lexus GS450h $1,550 $775 $387.50 $0 Credit amount for other manufacturers’ hybrid vehicles Ford Motor Corp. 05, 06, 07 Ford Escape Hybrid 2WD — $2,600 05, 06, 07 Ford Escape Hybrid 4WD — $1,950 06, 07 Mercury Mariner Hybrid 4WD — $1,950 General Motors Corp. 06, 07 Chevrolet Silverado 2WD Hybrid Pickup Truck — $250 06, 07 Chevrolet Silverado 4WD Hybrid Pickup Truck — $650 06, 07 GMC Sierra 2WD Hybrid Pickup Truck — $250 06, 07 GMC Sierra 4WD Hybrid Pickup Truck — $650 07 Saturn Vue Green Line — $650 American Honda Motor Company, Inc. 05 Honda Accord Hybrid AT and Navi AT — $650 05 Honda Civic Hybrid MT and CVT — $1,700 05, 06 Honda Insight CVT — $1,450 06 Honda Accord Hybrid AT and Navi AT with updated calibration — $1,300 06 Honda Accord Hybrid AT and Navi AT without updated calibration — $650 06 Honda Civic Hybrid CVT — $2,100 07 Honda Accord Hybrid AT — $1,300 07 Honda Accord Hybrid Navi AT — $1,300 07 Honda Civic Hybrid CVT — $2,100 Credit Phase-Out Depends on Vehicle Sales The phase-out period for a manufacturer begins with the second calendar quarter after the calendar quarter in which the manufacturer records its 60,000th sale. For the second and third calendar quarters after the quarter in which the 60,000th vehicle is sold, taxpayers may claim 50 percent of the credit. For the fourth and fifth calendar quarters, taxpayers may claim 25 percent of the credit. For quarters after that fifth quarter, taxpayers may not claim the credit. The purchase date determines the amount of credit for which a hybrid vehicle is eligible, but the date the vehicle is placed into service determines when the credit can be claimed for the vehicle. Purchasing and ordering a hybrid vehicle is not enough to claim the credit. The vehicle must be placed in service as well. Used and Leased Vehicles A consumer that leases a hybrid vehicle is not eligible for the credit. The credit is allowed to the vehicle owner, including the lessor of a vehicle subject to a lease. That means that the lessor (the person who leases the vehicle to the consumer) is the person who can claim a credit for the vehicle. A credit for a hybrid vehicle can only be claimed by the original purchaser of the vehicle, that is, the purchaser of a new vehicle. The credit does not apply to a used hybrid vehicle. The Credit and the Alternative Minimum Tax Also the Alternative Motor Vehicle Credit cannot be used to offset the Alternative Minimum Tax (AMT). A taxpayer cannot claim the credit unless the taxpayer's regular tax liability exceeds the taxpayer’s AMT liability. Even if a person is not subject to the AMT, he may not be able to claim the maximum allowable credit, or any credit, for the qualified vehicle that is purchased. The amount of the credit that one can claim depends on the particular facts and circumstances. For example, A, B and C each purchase the same make, model, and model year of qualified hybrid motor vehicle to use as their personal vehicles. At the time that A, B and C purchase their vehicles, the maximum allowable credit for the vehicle is $3,150. A, B and C each have regular tax of $12,000 for the taxable year in which they purchase their vehicles. A’s tentative minimum tax is $8,000, B’s tentative minimum tax is $11,000, and C’s tentative minimum tax is $12,000. Because A’s regular tax ($12,000) exceeds A’s tentative minimum tax ($8,000) by $4,000, A can claim the maximum credit allowable for the qualified hybrid vehicle that A purchases. Because B’s regular tax ($12,000) exceeds B’s tentative minimum tax ($11,000) by only $1,000, B can claim a credit of only $1,000 for the qualified hybrid vehicle that B purchases. Because C’s regular tax ($12,000) does not exceed C’s tentative minimum tax ($12,000), C cannot claim any credit for the qualified hybrid vehicle that C purchases. Also, if you claim the credit as a personal credit, the tax code limits the amount of the credit that you may claim to the amount of your regular tax liability. Therefore, if your regular tax liability is zero, the amount of the credit for which you are eligible will be zero. The credit cannot be used to reduce your regular tax liability below zero, and cannot be carried forward or back to another taxable year. If the vehicle that you purchase is subject to the allowance for depreciation, then the credit is part of the general business credit and the rules applicable to the general business credit apply. Sales to Tax Exempt Entities A person who sells a qualified vehicle to a tax-exempt person or entity and makes a required disclosure can claim the credit. The tax code provides that in the case of a vehicle that is used by a tax-exempt person or entity and is not subject to a lease, the person who sold the vehicle to the tax-exempt person or entity is treated as the taxpayer that placed the vehicle in service. The amount of the credit allowable with respect to the vehicle must be disclosed in writing to the tax-exempt person or entity.

2007 IRS E-File

2007 IRS E-File

Revised Jan. 19, 2007 FS-2007-8, January 2007 More and more Americans are choosing e-file, which lets them electronically file an accurate tax return or get an extension of time to file without sending any paper to the Internal Revenue Service. More than 73 million Americans chose IRS e-file in 2006 — 6.9 percent more than the year before. The total number of individual tax returns in calendar year 2007 is expected to be about 136 million, and the IRS expects a record number of e-filers this year. E-filers enjoy these benefits: Faster refunds — With IRS e-file, taxpayers can get their refunds in half the time of filing a paper tax return and receiving a refund check, even faster with Direct Deposit. More accurate returns — IRS computers quickly and automatically check for errors or other missing information, making e-filed returns more accurate and reducing the chance of getting an error letter from the IRS. Quick electronic confirmation — e-Filers receive an acknowledgment that the IRS has received their returns. Time saving electronic signatures — Taxpayers can eliminate paperwork by creating their own Personal Identification Number (PIN) and filing a completely paperless return using their tax preparation software or tax professional. There is nothing to mail to the IRS. Easy payment options — E-filers with a balance due can schedule a safe and convenient electronic funds withdrawal from their bank account, or pay with a credit card, or enroll in the Electronic Federal Tax Payment System (EFTPS) to make subsequent payments by phone or Internet. Convenient Federal/State e-filing — Taxpayers in 37 states and the District of Columbia can e-file their federal and state tax returns in one transmission to the IRS. The IRS forwards the state data to the appropriate state tax agency. In 2006, 37 million taxpayers filed federal-state electronic returns in Alabama, Arizona, Arkansas, Colorado, Connecticut, Delaware, Georgia, Hawaii, Idaho, Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Kentucky, Louisiana, Maryland, Michigan, Mississippi, Missouri, Montana, Nebraska, New Jersey, New Mexico, New York, North Carolina, North Dakota, Ohio, Oklahoma, Oregon, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, South Carolina, Utah, Vermont, Virginia, West Virginia, Wisconsin and the District of Columbia. E-file Options Free Internet Filing For the 2007 filing season, 95 million individual taxpayers will be eligible for IRS Free File. Taxpayers must have an adjusted gross income of $52,000 or less to be eligible. Tax software companies and the federal government are teaming up to offer free online tax preparation and electronic filing services to eligible taxpayers. Free services are accessible through IRS.gov. Some companies offer their Free File software in Spanish and some offer Extensions for free. While some companies offer free state income tax preparation and e-filing services, others may charge fees for state tax return preparation and e-filing. Eligibility requirements will be on IRS.gov beginning January 16, 2007. Additionally, taxpayers who are not required to file a return may request the telephone excise tax credit by filing Form 1040EZ-T, which will be available for free through some Free File companies. Free File is made possible through a partnership between the IRS and the Free File Alliance, LLC, a consortium of participating tax software companies. Free File services are provided to eligible taxpayers at no charge. Using a Personal Computer Taxpayers with a computer, a modem or Internet access and tax preparation software can e-file their tax returns from home any time, day or night. To do so, a taxpayer sends a completed, electronic tax return to a transmitter. The transmitter converts the file to an IRS-approved format and then sends it to the IRS. Within 48 hours, the IRS notifies the taxpayer through the transmitter whether or not the return is accepted. In 2006, 20.3 million taxpayers e-filed their returns from home, 18.8 percent more than the year before. Using an Authorized Provider Computer filing through an authorized provider has been the core of e-filing since its debut in 1986. Using this method, tax professionals send clients’ returns electronically to the IRS. Some prepare their clients’ returns and send them, others take returns prepared by their clients, enter the data, then e-file it with the IRS. Authorized providers filed 52.9 million returns in 2006, up 10 percent from the previous year. E-file Extension of Time to File Taxpayers will be able to e-file an extension request using a single IRS form (Form 4868) to get an automatic six-month extension of time to file. No explanation or signature is required. Taxpayers with an extension must still pay any taxes they owe by the tax deadline. Electronic Signatures — Personal Identification Numbers (PINS) For the 2007 Filing Season, taxpayers will be able to select one of the following options for signing their e-filed return: Self-Select PIN The Self-Select Personal Identification Number (PIN) allows taxpayers to electronically sign their e-filed return by entering a five-digit PIN. The five-digit PIN can be any five numbers except all zeros. Receipt of the taxpayer’s PIN eliminates the requirement for Form 8453. The Self-Select PIN method requires the entry of each taxpayer’s date of birth and prior year original adjusted gross income, which are used to authenticate the taxpayer. Paperless filing is available to those who prepare their own returns using tax preparation software or those who use a tax professional. On a joint return, two PINs are required, acting as electronic signatures for both people. The Self-Select PIN Program began in 2001. By 2006, self-select PINs were used to e-file 14.6 million returns, up eight percent over the prior year. Practitioner PIN The Practitioner PIN is an additional electronic signature option for taxpayers who use an electronic return preparer. Taxpayers using a tax professional can sign their return electronically by completing an e-file signature worksheet. The worksheet authorizes an electronic return preparer to enter a taxpayer’s PIN as a signature. 44.8 million taxpayers e-filed through a paid preparer and used a self-select PIN or a practitioner PIN in 2006. Overall, PINs were used to sign 81 percent of all e-filed individual income tax returns in 2006. The e-file section of this Web site has more information about IRS e-file, free internet filing, the self-select PIN, the practitioner PIN and private sector partnerships. Direct Deposit One electronic transaction that is available to both e-filers and those filing a traditional paper tax return is direct deposit. About 53 percent of all refunds were directly deposited in 2006. Choosing direct deposit is easy; paper return filers just enter their account number and routing number in the boxes provided on Form 1040, 1040A or 1040EZ. (There is an illustration explaining how to choose direct deposit in the tax return instructions.) This year, for the first time, taxpayers can split their deposits in up to three different savings or checking accounts. Those who choose direct deposit will get their refunds faster than those who receive a paper check. Also, a refund that is directly deposited in a savings or checking account cannot be stolen or lost in the mail. During 2006, 56.7 million refunds were directly deposited, up from 52.6 million during 2005, an increase of almost 8 percent. The average direct deposit refund in 2006 was $2,612. In 2006, $148.2 billion was deposited electronically, an increase of about 11 percent over the prior year. Related Items: E-file: Filing your taxes was never easier! Form 4868, Application for Automatic Extension of Time to File Form 8453, U.S. Individual Income Tax Declaration for Electronic Filing Free File 1040 Central

Tax Packages for the 2007 Filing Season

Tax Packages for the 2007 Filing Season

FS-2007-7, January 2007 The Internal Revenue Service will send taxpayers almost 17.1 million tax packages and 12.5 million postcards in 2007. The 4-page postcards are sent to those filers who prepared their 2006 tax returns using a computer, but filed a paper tax return. The postcards describe the advantages of e-filing and cost about 20 cents each for printing and postage. Most people will get their tax packages in early January. The IRS expects to receive about 136 million individual tax returns in 2007. The tax packages cost nearly $6.3 million for printing and $5.5 million for postage for an average overall cost of 65 cents per tax package. The IRS does not mail tax packages to those filers who use a preparer or e-file. For those filers who use a computer to do their own returns and file their returns on paper, the IRS sends a brochure that explains e-file and the electronic signature Self-Select PIN (personal identification number) program. Form 1040-V IRS will no longer mail a Form 1040-V payment voucher separately to those filers who had a balance due on their 2005 tax returns. A blank Form 1040-V payment voucher is provided in the tax packages. All taxpayers who have a balance due should use the Form 1040-V payment voucher. The voucher helps ensure that their payments are processed accurately and credited to their accounts. Taxpayer Name and Address Labels Taxpayers should use the name and address labels from the tax packages on their forms to help ensure that IRS has a correct mailing address for them. Since the labels don’t include Social Security numbers (SSNs), taxpayers must put their SSNs on their forms, taking care that each person’s SSN matches the name on the Social Security card. Failure to do so may result in delayed refunds or lost tax benefits. Incorrect or missing SSNs for taxpayers or dependents were among the most frequent errors on returns the last few years. Forms and Publications Taxpayers who do not receive a tax package in the mail should look online on this Web site to download and print official IRS forms, instructions and publications. Or they may order them by calling 1-800-TAX-FORM (1-800-829-3676). The IRS also distributes tax materials through many libraries and post offices across the country. Taxpayers should check with their local institution to ensure availability before making a trip.

Free Tax Help Available

Free Tax Help Available

FS-2007-6, January 2007 The IRS offers free assistance by computer and telephone and in person. The IRS can help taxpayers get forms and publications and answer a wide range of tax questions. The IRS can also help find free tax preparation services for those who qualify. Personal Computer On this Web site, taxpayers can access a wealth of free tax information. Taxpayers should check out 1040 Central, a special section of the Web site that has all the help, updates and information taxpayers need to prepare and file their returns. Taxpayers can readily access necessary forms, instructions or publications; get answers to frequently asked questions (FAQs); and use the EITC Assistant to find out whether they qualify for the earned income tax credit. Taxpayers may also check their refund status using this Web site's “Where's My Refund?” tool. They will need to enter a Social Security number, filing status (such as single or married filing jointly) and the amount of the refund shown on their 2006 tax return. They will then see a Web page that shows the status of their refund payment as well as instructions to resolve refund-related problems. Telephone Taxpayers may also order current and prior year forms, instructions and publications by calling 1-800-TAX-FORM (1-800-829-3676). Taxpayers may ask tax questions by calling the toll-free customer service line at 1-800-829-1040 for individual tax issues or 1-800-829-4933 for business-related tax issues. TTY/TDD users may call 1-800-829-4059 to ask tax questions or to order forms and publications. TeleTax Taxpayers may call 1-800-829-4477 to hear pre-recorded messages covering various tax topics or to check on the status of their refund. TeleTax topics, which range from “IRS assistance” to “who must file,” are listed on pages 8 and 9 of the Form 1040 instruction booklet, available on this Web site — just type “1040 instructions" in the search box at the upper right hand corner of the home page. In-Person Assistance with Returns Free tax preparation is available through the Volunteer Income Tax Assistance (VITA) and Tax Counseling for the Elderly (TCE) sites in many communities. Check your community’s newspaper for site locations or call 1-800-829-1040 for more information. Taxpayers may also call AARP — the largest TCE participant — at 1-888-227-7669 to find the most convenient location. Taxpayer Assistance Centers IRS Taxpayer Assistance Centers are a source for personal tax help when taxpayers believe their tax issues cannot be handled on-line or by phone, and they want face-to-face assistance. Complementing 24/7 access to tax forms and information online at IRS.gov and the convenience of toll-free telephone assistance, IRS representatives in these offices can help with tax account issues, such as inquiries, adjustments, letters and notices, and payment plans for those who owe tax and cannot pay the full amount. Locations are posted on IRS.gov under the "Individuals" tab, or taxpayers can hear a recorded message detailing office hours and addresses by calling the number listed in their local phone directory. The IRS provides non-English-speaking taxpayers equal access to all Taxpayer Assistance Centers. Tax Forms and Publications Walk-In Service Many post offices and libraries offer IRS tax publications, forms and instructions for pick up. Participation of post offices and libraries changes from year to year so taxpayers should check with their local community organization before making the trip. Electronic kiosks containing commonly-used forms (Form 1040 series) and tax information are available in some locations. Type “Contact My Local Office” in the search box on this site for availability by state. All local IRS offices have tax publications, forms and instructions available to pick up. Publication 910 For a comprehensive listing of free tax services, taxpayers should get IRS Publication 910, Guide to Free Tax Services, available on this Web site. Braille Tax Material A variety of Braille materials may be ordered at no charge by calling the IRS at 1-800-TAX-FORM (1-800-829-3676). The Braille print files are in .brf format and can be sent directly to an embosser for high-quality Braille output. Taxpayer Advocate Service The Taxpayer Advocate Service (TAS) is an independent organization within the IRS whose employees assist taxpayers who are experiencing economic harm, who are seeking help in resolving tax problems that have not been resolved through normal channels, or who believe that an IRS system or procedure is not working as it should. If you believe you are eligible for TAS assistance, you can reach TAS by calling their toll-free case intake line at 1–877–777–4778 or TTY/TTD 1-800-829-4059. Low Income Taxpayer Clinics (LITCs) LITCs are independent organizations that provide low income taxpayers with representation in federal tax controversies with the IRS for free or for a nominal charge. The clinics also provide tax education and outreach for taxpayers with limited English proficiency or who speak English as a second language. Pub. 4134, Low Income Taxpayer Clinic List, provides information on clinics in your area. It is available at IRS.gov or your local IRS office. Related Items: Contact My Local Office Volunteer Income Tax Assistance and Tax Counseling for the Elderly Publication 910, Guide to Free Tax Services (PDF 636K)

Taxpayers Have More Direct Deposit Options for Their 2006 Refunds

Taxpayers Have More Direct Deposit Options for Their 2006 Refunds

FS-2007-5, January 2007 Starting in 2007, taxpayers have more choices and flexibility for the direct deposit of their 2006 federal income tax refunds. For the first time, they can split their refunds among up to three accounts held by as many as three different U.S. financial institutions, such as banks, mutual funds, brokerage firms or credit unions. This new, split-refund option is available to taxpayers who choose direct deposit regardless of whether they filed the original returns on paper or in electronic format using Form 1040, 1040A, 1040EZ, 1040-PR, 1040NR, 1040NR-EZ or 1040-SS. However, taxpayers filing Form 1040-EZ-T, Request for Refund of Federal Telephone Excise Tax, or Form 8379, Injured Spouse Allocation, cannot opt to split their refund. To split their direct-deposit refunds among two or three different accounts or financial institutions, taxpayers should complete new Form 8888 , Direct Deposit of Refund to More Than One Account. Taxpayers can continue, though, to use the direct deposit line on Form 1040 to electronically send their refunds to one account. The split-dollar refund option gives taxpayers more choices for managing their refund, teamed with the speed and safety of direct deposit. In 2006, about 57 million taxpayers received direct deposit refunds out of a total of 136 million returns, as of Dec. 15, 2006. Of the returns with direct deposits, a total of $149 billion was refunded, with the average refund equaling $2,619. Opportunity for Asset Building Split refunds offer taxpayers the opportunity to build assets by sending part of their refund to one account for immediate needs and another part to a savings or investment account for future needs. The IRS repeatedly has encouraged taxpayers to adjust their payroll withholding to ensure they pay only the taxes required. However, some people appear to view payroll withholding as a way to save money. A recent study, “Refunds to Assets: Splitting Refunds and Building Assets,” conducted by Harvard Business School and other interested parties, found that one in three lower-income taxpayers who were offered a choice opted to direct a portion of their refund into savings accounts. For many, it was their first savings experience with a financial institution. Regardless of taxpayers’ filing methods — electronic or paper — direct deposit gives faster access to their funds than paper checks. The speed varies depending on whether the tax return is filed electronically or on paper. For e-filed tax returns, taxpayers who request that their refunds be: Deposited directly into their accounts will receive their checks within two weeks. Sent in the form of a paper check will receive their checks within three weeks. For paper return filers, taxpayers who request that their refunds be: Deposited directly into their accounts will receive their funds within four to six weeks. Sent in the form of a paper check will receive their funds within up to six weeks. Requirements for Direct Deposit The IRS will electronically deposit refunds to taxpayers’ accounts held by a U.S. financial institution, providing: An accurate account number and American Bankers Association (ABA) routing number is supplied; and The financial institution accepts direct deposits for the type of accounts designated. Taxpayers generally cannot directly deposit their refunds into someone else’s account. However, in the case of a joint refund, taxpayers can designate deposits to a joint account or to an account controlled by a spouse. For example, the IRS will deposit a joint refund into an individual retirement arrangement (IRA) owned by one spouse, if the financial institution accepts direct deposits for IRAs and will accept a joint refund to an account of only one spouse. Direct deposit acceptance varies among financial institutions, and taxpayers first should verify that their financial institutions will accept direct deposits for the types of accounts they are designating. For example, a financial institution may accept direct deposits for regular savings accounts, but not for education savings accounts. Examples of the savings accounts taxpayers can choose to direct their refunds to include, but are not limited to: Regular passbook savings or checking accounts; Brokerage accounts; IRAs; Health savings accounts (HSAs); Archer MSAs; Coverdell education savings accounts; and Individual development accounts (IDAs). Accuracy of Account and Routing Numbers Taxpayers should verify routing and account numbers with their financial institutions. Although taxpayers can usually discern the routing number for their checking account from the face of their checks, routing numbers for other types of accounts are not always apparent. IRS assumes no responsibility for taxpayer or preparer error and taxpayers should ensure their account and routing information is accurately entered. Errors could result in different scenarios. For example: If taxpayers omit a digit from the account or routing number of one account and the number does not pass IRS’ validation check, the IRS will mail a check for the entire amount of their refund ; If taxpayers incorrectly enter an account or routing number and a designated financial institution rejects and returns the deposits to the IRS, the IRS will issue a check for that portion of the refund; or If taxpayers incorrectly enter an account or routing number belonging to others and the designated financial institutions accepts the deposits, taxpayers must work directly with the respective financial institution to recover the funds. Direct Deposits to IRAs As with all IRA deposits, account owners are responsible for informing their IRA trustee of the year for which the directly deposited refund is intended and for ensuring their contributions do not exceed their annual contribution limitations. IRS direct deposits of refunds will not indicate a contribution year for IRA accounts. If taxpayers fail to notify their IRA trustees of the intended year for the deposit, their trustees can assume the deposits are for 2007. The IRS is not responsible for the timeliness or contribution amounts related to an IRA direct deposit. Since errors on returns or refund offsets could change the amount of refunds available for deposit, taxpayers who want to apply their refunds to 2006 IRA contributions should confirm the amount of the deposit and the deposit date and make any necessary corrections to their 2006 contributions before their filing deadlines. If the deposit is not made into the account by the due date of the return (without regard to extensions), the deposit is not a contribution for 2006. Taxpayers must file amended 2006 returns and reduce any IRA deductions and any retirement savings contributions credits they claimed. Adjusting Deposits for Errors and Offsets Several factors could change the amount of taxpayers’ refunds. Math errors, one of the top mistakes on returns, can increase or decrease taxpayers’ refunds and the amounts available for deposit. Among other things, refund offsets for delinquent federal/state taxes, child support payments, student loan payments and freezes on the Earned Income Tax Credit (EITC) portion of a refund also can decrease the refund amount available for deposit. Adjusting for a larger refund — If a taxpayer makes a mistake on a return that results in a larger-than-expected refund, the IRS will add the difference to the last account designated in cases where a split refund has been requested. For example, a taxpayer’s return shows a refund of $300 and the taxpayer asks IRS to split the refund among three accounts, depositing $100 to each. However, because the taxpayer had incorrectly figured the refund, the correct refund is actually higher by $150. Thus, the first two accounts will receive a deposit of $100 each and the third account will receive a deposit of $250. Adjusting for a smaller refund — If a math error or a delinquent tax adjustment reduces a refund, the IRS will take a similar approach to the adjustment and first deduct the difference from the amount designated for deposit to the last account. If the difference exceeds the amount designated for the last account, IRS will deduct the remainder from the amount designated to the next account and so on. Taxpayers will receive correspondence from the IRS explaining any adjustments to their returns, refund amounts and direct deposits. The IRS recommends that taxpayers use electronic filing to avoid math errors and other common problems that can result in adjustments to their returns and change the expected amount of their refunds. For example, a taxpayer’s return shows a refund of $300 and the taxpayer asks the IRS to split the refund among three accounts, with $100 to each account. Due to a math error, the refund is decreased by $150. The IRS will adjust the direct deposits as follows: Account Requested Actual Direct Deposits 1 $100 $100 2 $100 $50 ($100 requested less $50 adjustment) 3 $100 $0 ($100 requested less $100 adjustment) Adjusting deposits for EITC freezes — If the IRS withholds or freezes the EITC portion of taxpayers’ refunds while awaiting additional information to verify taxpayer eligibility, the IRS will deposit any non-EITC refund according to the approach discussed above. If the IRS later determines the taxpayer is eligible to receive the EITC, the IRS will deposit the amount withheld into the first account designated. Adjusting deposits for delinquent state taxes, child support, etc. — If taxpayers owe delinquent state income taxes, outstanding child support payments or delinquent non-tax federal debts, such as student loans, the Department of Treasury's Financial Management Service (FMS), which disburses IRS refunds, may offset the refund by the delinquent amount. These offsets could occur whether taxpayers opt to receive their refunds via paper checks or direct deposits to one or several accounts. FMS will deduct past-due amounts from the payment that appears first on IRS’ payment file, which orders accounts from the lowest to the highest routing number. If the debt exceeds the payment designated for the account that appears first on the payment file, FMS will reduce the payment designated for the account that appears next, and so on. Taxpayers will receive correspondence from FMS explaining any offset amounts, the entities receiving the payments, the address and telephone number of the entities and the amounts of their refund/direct deposit offsets. Taxpayers who dispute the debts should contact the debt-controlling agencies shown on the notice, not the IRS, since the IRS has no information about the validity of the debt. Where’s My Refund?, the most convenient source for refund information Whether taxpayers direct deposit their refunds into several accounts, into one account or opt to receive paper checks, they can use IRS’ popular Where’s My Refund? feature to track their refunds. Where’s My Refund? is also available by calling 1-800-829-1954. Where’s My Refund? will include a message confirming the refund was split and the expected date of deposit. It will not specify the amount of the individual deposits or the accounts to which the deposits were made, but will state the amount of an adjustment, if IRS or FMS altered the refund amount due to math errors, offsets or other reasons. Inviting Stakeholder Input The IRS invites stakeholders and partners to tell us about their experience with 2006 split-dollar refund option. What worked and what can be improved? We welcome feedback from stakeholders about their experiences assisting their customers and clients during the filing season and will use this feedback to modify and improve the process for 2007 refunds. Stakeholders can comment through their IRS stakeholder relationship manager or via e-mail to splitrefundcomments@irs.gov. Although the IRS will read and consider every suggestion or comment, the IRS does not have the capability to respond to individual e-mail messages.

Special Steps Needed for Paper 1040 Filers to Claim Late Tax Changes

Special Steps Needed for Paper 1040 Filers to Claim Late Tax Changes
Update: As of 2/3/07, the IRS is Processing Extender Claims. FS-2007-4, January 2007 Following the enactment of late tax legislation in December, taxpayers using a paper Form 1040 will need to follow special instructions if they are claiming any of three key deductions. The late changes affect a number of areas of tax law, but the most significant effect on taxpayers involves the state and local sales tax, higher education tuition and fees, and educator expenses. The major forms for the filing season (Forms 1040, 1040A, Schedule A&B, and instructions) went to print in early November and reflect the law in effect at that time. The instructions contain a cautionary note to taxpayers that the legislation was pending at the time of printing. Even though these forms were printed before the law changed, the IRS emphasized that taxpayers should use the current Form 1040 or file electronically to claim the three key “extenders” deductions. However, the IRS will not be able to process tax returns claiming these three deductions until early February because updates are being made to tax processing systems. Neither paper nor electronic tax returns claiming these deductions should be filed during this period. When processing begins for these deductions, the IRS encourages taxpayers to file electronically, which will reduce the chance for making errors on these new provisions. For those filing a paper 1040, there are special steps they will need to follow to claim the deductions: State and Local General Sales Tax Deduction: The deduction for state and local general sales taxes will be claimed on Schedule A (Form 1040), line 5, “State and local income taxes.” Enter "ST" on the dotted line to the left of line 5 to indicate you are claiming the general sales tax deduction instead of the deduction for state and local income tax. The IRS also will issue Publication 600 for 2006, which includes the state and local sales tax tables, a worksheet and instructions for figuring the deduction. This option is available to all taxpayers regardless of where they live, though it’s primarily designed to benefit residents of the eight states without state and local income taxes. Higher Education Tuition and Fees Deduction: Taxpayers must file Form 1040 to take this deduction for up to $4,000 of tuition and fees paid to a post-secondary institution. It cannot be claimed on Form 1040A. The deduction for tuition and fees will be claimed on Form 1040, line 35, “Domestic production activities deduction.” Enter "T" in the blank space to the left of that line entry if claiming the tuition and fees deduction, or "B" if claiming both a deduction for domestic production activities and the deduction for tuition and fees. For those entering "B," taxpayers must attach a breakdown showing the amounts claimed for each deduction. Educator Expense Adjustment to Income: Educators must file Form 1040 in order to take the deduction for up to $250 of out-of-pocket classroom expenses. It cannot be claimed on Form 1040A. The deduction for educator expenses will be claimed on Form 1040, line 23, “Archer MSA Deduction.” Enter "E" on the dotted line to the left of that line entry if claiming educator expenses, or "B" if claiming both an Archer MSA deduction and the deduction for educator expenses on Form 1040. If entering "B," taxpayers must attach a breakdown showing the amounts claimed for each deduction. Related Items: Publication 600, State and Local General Sales Taxes State and local sales tax deduction on Schedule A, line 5 Higher education tuition and fees deduction on Form 1040, line 35 Educator expense deduction on Form 1040, line 23

Recently Enacted Tax Law Extends State Sales Tax Deduction

Recently Enacted Tax Law Extends State Sales Tax Deduction

FS-2007-3, January 2007 The American Jobs Creation Act of 2004 gave taxpayers the option to claim state and local sales taxes instead of state and local income taxes when they itemize deductions. Under the law the option was available for the 2004 and 2005 returns only, but recent legislation has extended the availability of this deduction through 2007. Because of the late passage of the Tax Relief and Health Care Act of 2006, the IRS was unable to include the sales tax tables in the Form 1040 instructions, as it did last year. Instead, the IRS has posted the tables to this Web site and is mailing 6 million copies of Publication 600, to taxpayers who are receiving a Form 1040 and instruction booklet in the mail. Taxpayers claiming state and local sales tax should do so on line 5 of Schedule A (labeled state and local income taxes) and write the letters “ST” on the dotted line to the left of line 5. IRS Publication 600, State and Local General Sales Taxes, helps taxpayers determine their sales tax deduction amount in lieu of saving their receipts throughout the year and deducting the actual amount of their sales taxes. Taxpayers use their income level and number of exemptions to find the sales tax amount for their state. The publication explains how to add an amount for local sales taxes if appropriate. Taxpayers also may add to the table amount any sales taxes paid on: A motor vehicle, but only up to the amount of tax paid at the general sales tax rate; and An aircraft, boat, home (including mobile or prefabricated), or, in certain cases, a substantial addition to or major renovation of a home, if the tax rate is the same as the general sales tax rate. For example, the Washington State has a motor vehicle sales tax of 0.3 percent in addition to the state and local sales tax. A Washington state resident who purchased a new car could add the tax paid at the general sales tax rate to the table amount, but not the 0.3 percent motor vehicle sales tax paid. While this deduction will mainly benefit taxpayers with a state or local sales tax but no income tax — in Alaska, Florida, Nevada, South Dakota, Texas, Washington and Wyoming — it may give a larger deduction to any taxpayer who paid more in sales taxes than income taxes. For example, you may have bought a new car, boosting your sales tax total, or claimed tax credits, lowering your state income tax. Related Items: Sales Tax Deduction Calculator Publication 600, State and Local General Sales Taxes State and local sales tax deduction on Schedule A, line 5

Highlights of 2006 Tax Law Changes

Highlights of 2006 Tax Law Changes

FS-2007-2, January 2007 New energy-saving tax credits, expanded retirement savings incentives and new rules for giving to charity are among the changes taxpayers will find when they start filling out their 2006 federal income tax returns. More information about the changes, summarized below, can be found on this Web site and in various IRS documents, including the instructions for Form 1040. In addition, some important changes, not covered here, are addressed in separate fact sheets. They include: FS 2007-1, One-Time Tax Refund Available to Long-Distance Telephone Customers FS-2007-3, Recently Enacted Tax Law Extends State Sales Tax Deduction FS-2007-4, Special Steps Needed for Paper 1040 Filers to Claim Late Tax Changes FS-2007-5, Taxpayers Have More Direct Deposit Options for their 2006 Refunds FS-2007-9, Credit Available for Taxpayers Who Purchase or Lease Hybrid Vehicles In 2006 New Energy-Saving Tax Credits A ten-percent credit can be claimed for various energy-saving improvements made to a taxpayer’s main home. The credit is based on the cost of new energy-efficient improvements including insulation, exterior windows, exterior doors, water heaters, heat pumps, central air conditioners, furnaces and hot water boilers. The overall credit is limited to $500 and further dollar limits apply to specific components (for example, 200 for windows). Separately, there is a thirty-percent credit for the cost of photovoltaic property, solar water heating property and fuel cell property. These credits are claimed on Form 5695. See the instructions for this form for more information. Contribution Limits Raised for IRAs and Other Retirement Plans: Special Rules for Military For 2006, the contribution limit for Roth and traditional IRAs rises to $5,000, up from $4,500 in 2005, for those age 50 or over. For those under 50, the limit remains unchanged at $4,000. The $10,000 phase-out range for IRA deductions for those covered by a retirement plan begins at income of $75,000 if married filing jointly or a qualifying widow(er), up from $70,000 in 2005. It still begins at $50,000 for a single person or head of household and at $0 for a married person filing a separate return. Use the worksheet in the Form 1040 instruction booklet for Line 32, Form 1040 or the Form 1040A instruction booklet for Line 17, Form 1040A to figure the IRA deduction. The elective deferral (contribution) limit for employees who participate in 401(k), 403(b) and most 457 plans rises to $15,000. For SIMPLE plans, the limit remains at $10,000. The catch-up contribution limit for persons age 50 or older rises to $5,000 for 401(k), 403(b) and 457 plans and to $2,500 for SIMPLE plans. Beginning in 2006, 401(k) and 403(b) plans can create a qualified Roth contribution program so that participants may choose to have part or all of their elective deferrals to the plan designated as after-tax contributions. Despite the name, a so-called “Roth 401(k)” is not the same as a Roth IRA. Military members serving in Iraq, Afghanistan and other combat zone localities can count tax-free combat pay when figuring how much to contribute to a Roth or traditional IRA. Because taxpayers usually must have taxable earned income, members of the military whose earnings came from tax-free combat pay were often barred from putting money into an IRA. This change is retroactive to 2004, and eligible taxpayers have until May 28, 2009 to make contributions for 2004 and 2005. Taxpayers who have already filed returns for 2004 and 2005 and choose to make these special back-year contributions to a traditional IRA must report them on an amended return ( Form 1040X), along with, in some cases, Form 8606. See IRS News Release IR-2006-129 for more information. Military reservists, including members of the National Guard, called to active duty can receive payments from their individual retirement accounts, 401(k) plans and 403(b) tax-sheltered annuities, without being subject to the additional ten-percent early-distribution tax. The ten-percent tax that normally applies to most retirement distributions received before age 59 ½ is waived for reservist called to active duty for at least 180 days or for an indefinite period. Eligible reservists activated after Sept. 11, 2001 and before Dec. 31, 2007 qualify for this relief. Although the ten-percent early-distribution tax does not apply, regular income taxes continue to apply to these payments in most cases. For more information, see IRS News Release IR-2006-152. New Rules for Giving to Charity To be deductible, clothing and household items donated to charity after Aug. 17, 2006, must be in good used condition or better. However, a taxpayer may claim a deduction of more than $500 for any single item, regardless of its condition, if the taxpayer includes a qualified appraisal of the item with the return. Household items include furniture, furnishings, electronics, appliances, and linens. To deduct any charitable donation of money, taxpayers must have a bank record or a written communication from the recipient showing the name of the organization and the date and amount of the contribution. Though taxpayers are already required to keep records to support their contribution deductions, this new provision is designed to provide greater certainty, both to taxpayers and the government, in determining what may be deducted as a charitable contribution. This provision applies to contributions made in taxable years beginning after Aug. 17, 2006. For taxpayers that file returns on a calendar-year basis, including most individuals, the new provision applies to contributions made beginning in 2007. An IRA holder, age 70 ½ or over, can directly transfer tax-free, up to $100,000 per year to an eligible charity. This option is available in tax years 2006 and 2007. Eligible IRA holders can take advantage of this provision, regardless of whether they itemize their deductions. Funds must be contributed directly by the IRA trustee to the eligible charity. Transferred amounts are counted in determining whether the holder has met the IRA’s required minimum distribution rules. For more information on these changes and tips for donating to charity, see IRS News Release IR-2006-192. Kiddie Tax — Age and Income Changes Children under 18 who receive taxable investment income may need to figure tax using their parents' higher marginal rates. The tax does not apply to a married child who files a joint return. In the past, the so-called “kiddie” tax only applied to children under the age of 14. Also, the amount of taxable investment income a child can have without being taxed at their parent's rate rises to $1,700, up from $1,600. The rest of the child’s taxable income — earned income plus unearned income minus the standard deduction — is taxed at the child’s regular rates. AMT Exemption Increased for One Year For tax year 2006, the alternative minimum tax exemption rises to $62,500 for a married couple filing a joint return, up from $58,000 in 2005, and to $42,500 for singles and heads of household, up from $40,250. Under current law, these exemption amounts will drop to $45,000 and $33,750, respectively, in 2007. Standard Mileage Rates Adjusted for 2006 The standard mileage rate for business use of a car, van, pick-up or panel truck is 44.5 cents a mile. The standard mileage rate for the cost of operating a vehicle for medical reasons or as part of a deductible move is 18 cents a mile. The standard mileage rate for using a car to provide charitable services solely related to Hurricane Katrina is 32 cents per mile. Otherwise, the rate for providing services to charitable organizations is set by law and remains at 14 cents a mile. Inflation Adjustments for 2006 Personal exemptions and standard deductions rise, tax brackets are widened and more than three dozen individual and business tax provisions are adjusted to keep pace with inflation. A complete rundown of these changes can be found in "2006 Inflation Adjustments Widen Tax Brackets, Change Tax Benefits." Popular items adjusted include the following: The value of each personal and dependency exemption is $3,300, up $100 from 2005. Most taxpayers can take personal exemptions for themselves and an additional exemption for each eligible dependent. An individual who qualifies as someone else’s dependent cannot claim a personal exemption, and personal and dependency exemptions are phased out for higher-income taxpayers. The standard deduction is $10,300 for married couples filing a joint return and qualifying widow(er)s, a $300 increase over 2005; $5,150 for singles and married individuals filing separate returns, up $150; and $7,550 for heads of household, up $250. Higher amounts apply to blind people and senior citizens. The standard deduction is often reduced for a taxpayer who qualifies as someone else’s dependent. Nearly two out of three taxpayers take the standard deduction, rather than itemizing deductions, such as mortgage interest, charitable contributions, and state and local taxes. The maximum earned income tax credit is $4,536 for taxpayers with two or more qualifying children, $2,747 for those with one child and $412 for people with no children. Available to low and moderate income workers and working families, the EITC helps taxpayers whose incomes are below certain income thresholds, which in 2006, rise to $38,348 for those with two or more children, $34,001 for people with one child and $14,120 for those with no children. One in six taxpayers claim the EITC, which unlike most tax breaks, is refundable, meaning that people can get it, even if they owe no tax and even if no tax is taken out of their paychecks. The maximum Hope credit rises to $1,650 (100% of the first $1,100 of eligible expenses and 50% of the next $1,100 of expenses). These dollar amounts are doubled for students attending an eligible educational institution in the Gulf Opportunity Zone. The Hope and lifetime learning credits are phased out if a taxpayer’s modified adjusted gross income (MAGI) is between $45,000 and $55,000 ($90,000 and $110,000 if filing a joint return).

One-Time Tax Refund Available to Long-Distance Telephone Customers

One-Time Tax Refund Available to Long-Distance Telephone Customers

FS-2007-1, January 2007 This year, telephone customers can request a one-time refund of taxes they paid on long-distance and bundled telephone service. Individuals, businesses and tax-exempt organizations can request this refund as a credit on their 2006 federal income tax returns. Over 146 million individuals and more than 14 million businesses and tax-exempt organizations are expected to request the refund. This includes millions of people and organizations who don’t normally file returns, for example, low-income individuals (many of them senior citizens), churches and small charities. The government estimates that telephone excise tax refunds totaling $10 billion will be paid to individuals and another $5 billion to businesses and tax-exempt organizations. The refund covers the three-percent tax paid on long-distance and bundled service billed after Feb. 28, 2003 and before Aug. 1, 2006. Several recent federal court decisions held that the tax does not apply to long-distance service as it is billed today. For that reason, the government stopped collecting the tax on service billed after July 2006 and authorized refunds of the taxes billed during the previous 41 months. The federal excise tax continues to apply to local-only telephone service. Likewise, various state and local taxes and fees paid by telephone customers are unaffected and thus, not eligible for the refund. Federal long-distance excise taxes paid on land line, cell phone, fax and Voice over Internet Protocol (VoIP) service qualify for the refund. This includes bundled service — local and long-distance service provided under a plan that does not separately list the charge for local service. Bundled service includes, for example, phone plans that provide both local and long-distance service for either a flat monthly fee or a charge that varies with the time for which the service is used. Taxpayers can base their refund requests on the actual amount of tax paid. To do this, they must fill out Form 8913, Credit for Federal Telephone Excise Tax Paid. Individuals and businesses should attach it to their regular 2006 income-tax returns. Tax-exempt organizations should attach it to Form 990-T. But many people don’t want to dig through 41 months of old phone bills or lack the records they need to figure the actual amount of tax paid. For that reason, the government created a standard amount that individuals can use to request the telephone excise tax refund. The amount is based on the number of personal and dependency exemptions an individual is eligible to claim on their tax returns. The standard amounts are: 1 exemption — $30; 2 exemptions — $40; 3 exemptions — $50; or 4 exemptions — $60. The standard amount is optional. To choose it, taxpayers fill in one line on their federal income tax returns. The line, labeled “Credit for federal telephone excise tax paid,” is: Form 1040, Line 71; Form 1040A, Line 42; or Form 1040EZ, Line 9. There is no standard amount for businesses and tax-exempt organizations, because they typically have more varied phone usage patterns than individuals. Instead, they can choose to use a special formula (also called the estimation method) to estimate the actual amount of tax on long-distance and bundled service they paid. The formula is optional. It makes it easier by basing the estimate on just two monthly phone bills (April 2006 and September 2006). Individuals reporting more than $25,000 of gross business, farm and rental income can choose the formula. It is also available to any partnership, corporation, estate, trust or tax-exempt organization. For millions of people not required to file a regular income-tax return, the IRS has created a special short form for requesting the telephone excise tax refund. It is Form 1040EZ-T and is used exclusively for this purpose. Form 1040EZ-T can also be filed electronically for free via the Free File link on IRS.gov beginning in mid-January. Form 1040EZ-T can be used to request a refund with either the actual amount of tax paid or the standard amount. Those choosing actual amounts must attach Form 8913. The IRS wants to make it as easy as possible for taxpayers to get the refund they deserve. Accordingly, the agency has created a page on this Web site devoted entirely to the refund. To get answers to frequently-asked questions, download forms and get other helpful tips, visit the federal excise tax refund link. Related Item: Telephone Excise Tax Refund